The economics of decarbonising Europe’s ammonia industry

This study explores four key decarbonisation pathways across 52 existing ammonia production locations in Europe from 2030 to 2040. Strict hourly time-matching rules for green hydrogen significantly raise production costs, emphasizing the need for more flexible policy approaches and robust energy infrastructure. In the absence of policy support, SMR remains the most cost-effective option, primarily due to the depreciation of […]