This study aims to identify the main challenges to the development of hydrogen technologies, so that they can effectively contribute to achieving a sustainable carbon-neutral system. Due to its relatively low energy efficiency, which affects its technical and climate performance compared to alternatives, the priorities for hydrogen utilization should be industry (chemicals, refining, steel) and certain long-distance transport sectors (aviation, maritime). Furthermore, the deployment of infrastructure should be closely linked to the production modes adopted, to hydrogen’s role in heavy duty transport, and to the hydrogen supply strategies between domestic supply and imports.
