European hydrogen demand hinges on industrial competitiveness and alternative technologies

European hydrogen demand: Bar chart of EU hydrogen consumption by sector in 2024, showing refining and ammonia as the largest uses, measured in million tonnes per year.

European hydrogen demand will depend on which industrial processes, production locations and transport fuels prove competitive. Electrification, imported green ammonia and iron, and alternative fuels could reduce the need for hydrogen produced or consumed within Europe. These choices have direct implications for infrastructure investment, making industrial demand and delivered costs central to decisions on pipelines, production capacity and public support. […]

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